Capsular serovars of virulent Capnocytophaga canimorsus are shared by the closely related species C. canis and C. cynodegmi.

Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a dog oral commensal bacterium that causes rare but life-threatening generalized infections in humans who have been in contact with its animal hosts. Two other dog commensals, Capnocytophaga canis and Capnocytophaga cynodegmi, cause rare, mild local infections. To date, nine capsular serovars have been described in C. canimorsus. Here, we serotyped 112 strains of Capnocytophaga spp. isolated from human infections. The C. canimorsus strains (86 of 96, 89.6%) belonged to serovars A, B, or C with relative frequencies of approximately 30% for each serovar. The high prevalence of the A, B, and C serovars in strains isolated from humans, compared to the previously described low prevalence of these serovars among dog isolates (7.6%), confirms that these three serovars are more virulent to humans than other serovars and suggests that the low incidence of disease may be linked to the low prevalence of the A, B, and C serovars in dogs. We serotyped six strains of C. canis and ten strains of C. cynodegmi and, surprisingly, found one C. canis and three C. cynodegmi strains to be of capsular serovar B. This observation prompted us to test 34 dog-isolated C. canis and 16 dog-isolated C. cynodegmi strains. We found four C. canis strains belonging to serovar A and one belonging to serovar F. In contrast, no dog-isolated C. cynodegmi strain could be typed with the available antisera. This work demonstrates that virulence-associated capsular polysaccharides (A, B, and C) are not specific to the C. canimorsus species.

Identification of Virulent Capnocytophaga canimorsus Isolates by Capsular Typing.

Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a dog oral commensal that causes rare but severe infections in humans. C. canimorsus was recently shown to be endowed with a capsular polysaccharide implicated in resistance to the innate immune system of the host. Here, we developed the first C. canimorsus capsular serotyping scheme. We describe nine different serovars (A to I), and this serotyping scheme allowed typing of 25/25 isolates from human infections but only 18/52 isolates from dog mouths, indicating that the repertoire of capsules in the species is vast. However, while only three serovars (A, B, and C) covered 88% of the human isolates tested (22/25), they covered only 7.7% of the dog isolates (4/52). Serovars A, B, and C were found 22.9-, 14.6-, and 4.2-fold more often, respectively, among human isolates than among dog isolates, with no geographical bias, implying that isolates endowed with these three capsular types are more virulent for humans than other isolates. Capsular serotyping would thus allow identification of virulent isolates in dogs, which could contribute to the prevention of these infections. To this end, we developed a PCR typing method based on the amplification of specific capsular genes.